Volume 63 No.3 - 2017-09-30

Britons’ Educational Activities and Educational Transfer to China in the Qing Dynasty before the Wuxu Reform

晚清戊戌變法前英人在華教育活動與英國教育經驗的輸入

Author：
YU-WEN CHOU / 周愚文
Keyword：
British education, educational transfer, mission schools, Wuxu Reform / 戊戌變法、英國教育、教會學校、教育轉移
  • Summary
  • Chinese Summary
  • Reference
  • Scholarly references
The aim of this article is to explore how British educational experiences were transferred to China before the Wuxu Reform. Since 1843, British educational experiences were introduced via official and private ways. Before 1858, some British missionaries had established charity schools to teach Scriptures in Chinese for the lower class at trade ports. After that, foreigners were allowed to travel, preach, and establish churches and schools in inland. Some well-organized schools were established in Shanghai, and few fee-paying English studios were established for children from well-being families. Their loose connections had to fight with stronger anti-Christianity and anti-foreignism. Besides, some British missionaries taught English at Governmental schools but evangelical preaching was forbidden. Therefore, the process of British educational transfer was a trying, individual, unplanned and un-systemized one, less supported by the Japanese government after 1894. Furthermore, disputes existed among different protestant missions on taking education as means for evangelic preaching. After the l890 Missionary Conference, consensus was made. Compared with their counterparts in America, the number of British mission schools had increased but had not been systemized, and had less achievement, which had made it more difficult to diffuse the British educational experiences.
本文旨在探討戊戌變法前英人如何借在華教育活動輸入其教育經驗。自1843年起，英人透過官私管道，輸入其教育經驗。1858年前，差會辦有各類男女義塾，主收下層子女免學費，教中文聖經，程度低，組織欠備，量少規模小，設於通商口岸。之後，教士得入內地傳教辦學。上海出現制度、組織及課程較完備學堂，教英語或西學，程度提高，但量少未成體系。有書館採高學費收富商子弟，用英語教學。官辦同文三館、船政學堂等學堂雖聘英籍教習，但人少且禁傳教，影響有限。故1898年前英人輸入教育經驗，是摸索、個別、無規劃與體系的歷程，又因社會排外反教難以推廣。此與甲午戰後朝野以日為師、主動仿日制定兩學制有別。各差會爭辯「以學輔教」策略，直到1890年始有共識。英人校數雖增但成效與制度化均不及美人，故更難發揮影響力。

中央研究院近史所編(1957)。海防檔乙-福州船廠。臺北市：編者。

[Institute of Modern History, Academica Sinica (Ed.) (1957). Archives on coastal defense B—Foochow shipbuilding factory. Taipei: Author.]

中央研究院近史所編(1984)。近代中國對西方及列強認識資料彙編第二輯第一分冊。臺北市：編者。

[Institute of Modern History, Academica Sinica (Ed.) (1984). The understanding to the  western countries by modern China. Book II Vol.I. Taipei: Author.]

王立新(1997)。美國傳教士與晚清中國現代化。天津：天津人民。

[Wang, L.-X. (1997). American missionaries and the modernization of China in the late Q’ing dynasty. Tientsin: Tientsin People.]

王忠欣(2000)。基督教與中國近現代教育。武漢：湖北教育。

[Wang, Z.-X. (2000). Christianity and the educational modernization of China. Wuhan: Hubei Education.]

王爾敏(1980)。上海格致書院志略。香港：香港中文大學。

[Wang, E. -M. (1980). A brief history of Shanghai polytechnic institution. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.]

申報。中國近代報刊資料庫申報典藏版。

[Shun Pao. In Database of Newspapers and Journals in Modern China.]

朱有瓛主編(1983)。中國近代學制史料第一輯上冊。上海：華東師大。

[Zhu, Y.-H. (Ed.)(1983). A collected sources of school system in modern China. Book I Vol B. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.]

呂實強(2005)。中國官紳反教的原因1860-1874。臺北：中研院近史所。

[Lu, S. -C. (2005). The causes of anti-Christianity of officials and gentries 1860-1874. Taipei: Institute of Modern History Academica Sinica.]

李志剛(1998)。基督教早期在華傳教史。臺北：臺灣商務。

[Li, C.-K. (1998). A modern history of Christian missions in China. Taipei: Taiwan The Commercial Press.]

沈岩(2007)。船政學堂。北京：科學。

[Shen, Y. (2007). The Foochow shipbuilding institution. Beijing: Science.]

周愚文(2001)。中國教育史綱。臺北：正中。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2001). History of Chinese education: Major themes. Taipei: Cheng-chung.]

周愚文(2008)。英國教育史近代篇(1780-1944)。臺北：學富。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2008). A modern history of education in England 1780-1944. Taipei:PE.]

周愚文(2016 a)。晚清戊戌維新前官民對英國教育的引介初探。教育科學研究。60：1，1-30。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2016b). A study of the introduction to British education in late Ch’ing China before 1898. Journal of Research in Education Sciences. 60:1, 1-30.]

周愚文(2016b)。晚清甲午前使英人員教育見聞研究。教育研究集刊。62：3，1-33。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2016b). A study on the educational experiences of Chinese diplomats in Britain before 1894. Bulletin of Education Research, 62: 3, 1-33.]

季壓西、陳偉民(2007)。語言障礙與晚清近代化進程(三)：從同文三館起步。北京：學苑。

[Ji, X.-Y. & Chen, W.-M. (2007). Language obstacles and the process of modernization in late Q’ing III: Starting from Tongwen Guans. Beijing: Academy Press.]

林美玫(2015)。信心行傳：中國內地會在華差傳探析(1865-1926)。北京：社會科學文獻。

[Lin, M.-M. (2015). The acts in faith: The study of China Inland mission and its missionary endeavor in China (1865-1926). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. ]

林樂知、傅蘭雅主編(1990)。上海新報。北縣：文海。

[Allen, Y. J. &. Fryer, J. (Eds.) (1990). Shanghai news. Taipei County: Wen-hai.]

姚民權、羅偉虹(2000)。中國基督教簡史。北京：宗教文化。

[Yao, M.-C. & Lo, W.-H. (2000). A brief history of Christianity in China. Beijing: Religious Culture.]

徐宗林、周愚文(1997)。教育史。臺北：五南。

[Hus, C.-L. & Chou, Y-W. (1997). History of education. Taipei: Wu-nan.]

浙江教育簡志編纂組編(1988)。浙江教育簡志。杭州：浙江人民。

[Brief history of education in Zhejiang Unit (Ed.)(1988). Brief history of education in Zhejiang. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People.]

高時良、黃仁賢編(2007)。中國近代教育史料匯編：洋務運動時期教育。上海：上海教育。

[Gao, S.-L. & Huang, J.-S. (Eds.)(2007). A collected sources of history of modern education in China: Education in the self-strengthened movement period. Shanghai: Shanghai Education.]

張玉法主譯(1987)。劍橋中國史晚清篇1800-1911。(J. K. Fairbank編)臺北：南天。

[Chang, Y.-E. (Trans.) (1987). The cambridge history of China late Ch’ing 1800-1911. Taipei: Nan-Tien.]

張先清，趙蕊娟編(2010)。中國地方志基督教史料輯要。上海：東方出版中心。

[Chang, S.-Q. & Zhao, R.-J.(Eds.)(2010). A collected sources of Christian sources in local histories in China. Shanghai: Orient Publishing Center.]

清史稿校註編纂小組(1987)。清史稿校註。北縣：國史館。

[Compilation Committee of Ch’ing History Draft Collation and Annotation (1987). Ch’ing History Draft Collation and Annotation. Taipei County: Academica Historica.]

湘報報館編(2006)。湘報。北京：中華。

[Xian news office(Ed.). Xian news. Beijing: Zung-hwa.]

熊月之(1994)。西學東漸與晚清社會。上海：上海人民。

[Xung, Y.-Z. (1994). The dissemination of western learning and the late Q’ing society. Shanghai: Shanghai People]

熊月之(1999)。上海通史：第六卷晚清文化。上海：上海人民。

[Xung, Y.-Z. (1999). A general history of Shanghai: Vol.VI the late Q’ing culture. Shanghai: Shanghai People]

盧茨(Jessie Gregory Lutz)(1988)。中國教會大學史1850-1950。杭州：浙江教育。

[Lutz, J. G. (1988). China and the christian colleges, 1850-1950. Hanzou: Zhejiang Education.]

蕭克諧(2006)。中文神學教育簡史。香港：道聲。

[Xioa, K.-S. (2006). A brief history of Chinese seminaries. Hong Kong: Taosheng.]

賴烈德(K. S. Latourette)(2009)。基督教在華傳教史。香港：道風書社。

[Latourette, K.S. (2009). A history of christian missions in China. Hong Kong: The Logos and Pneuma Press.]

蘇精(1985)。清季同文館及其師生。臺北：上海印刷廠。

[Su, C. (1985). Tongwen guan and its faculties and students. Taipei: Shanghai Press.]

蘇精(2000)。馬禮遜與中文印刷出版。臺北：臺灣學生。

[Su, C. (1985). Robert Morrison and printing and publication in Chinese. Taipei: Taiwan Student.]

蘇精(2005)。中國，開門！馬禮遜及相關人物研究。香港：基督教中國宗教文化研究社。

[Su, C. (2005). Open-up China! Studies on Robert Morrison and his circles. Hong Kong: Christian Studies Center on Chinese Religion and Culture.]

蘇慧廉(W. E. Soothill)(2007)。李提摩太在中國。桂林：廣西師大。

[Soothill, W. E. (2007). Timothy Richard of China: Seer, statesman, missionary and the most disinterested adviser the Chinese ever had. Gueilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.]

顧長聲(1995)。傳教士與近代中國。上海：上海人民。

[Gu, C.-S. (1995). Missionaries and modern China. Shanghai: Shanghai People.]

顧衛民(2010)。基督教與近代中國社會。上海：上海人民。

[Gu, W.-M. (2010). Christianity and modern Chinese society. Shanghai: Shanghai People.]

Bennett, A. A. (1967). John Fryer. The introduction of western science and technology into nineteenth-century China. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Biggerstaff, K. (1961). The earliest modern government schools in China. N. Y. : Kennikat Press.

Broomhall, A. (1983). Hudson Taylor and China’s open century: Over the treaty wall. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Burns, I. (1975). Memoir of the rev. Wm. C. Burns, m. a., missionary to China from the English Presbyterian church. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center.

Burton, M. (1911). The education of women in China. N.Y.: Fleming H. Revell.

Dagenais, F., Zhou, P. & Han, J. C. (Eds.) (2010). 傅蘭雅檔案(The John Fryer Papers)。第一卷。南寧：廣西師大。

Fryer, J. (Ed.) (1895). The educational directory for China. Shanghai: The Educational Association of China.

Gregg, A. H. (1946). China and educational autonomy. Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press.

Johnston, L. E. (1907). Jin Ko-Niu: A brief sketch of the life of Jessie M. Johnston for eighteen years W. M. A. missionary in Amoy, China. London: T. F. Downie.

Lewis, I. B. (1919). The education of girls in China. N.Y.: Teachers College, Columbia University.

MacGrillivray, D. (Ed.)(1907). A century of protestant in China (1807-1907) being the century conference historical volume. Shanghai: The American Presbyterian Mission Press.

Soothill, W. E. (1907). A typical mission in China. N.Y. : F. H. Revell.

Watson, M. E.(1895). Robert and Louisa Stewart: In life and in death. London: Marshall Brothers.

Whately, E. J. (Ed.) (1866). Missions to the women of China, in connexion with the society for promoting female education in east. London: James Nisbet.

 


EndNote
下載可匯入格式