Volume 66 No.3 - 2020-09-30

Young J. Allen’s Educational Enterprise and His Introduction of American Education System in Late Ch’ing China

晚清林樂知在華教育事業與美國教育的引介

Author：
Yu-Wen Chou / 周愚文
Keyword：
Anglo-Chinese College, John Allen, The Methodist Episcopal Church (South), mission school, American education system / 中西書院、林樂知、美國教育制度、教會學校、監理會
  • Summary
  • Chinese Summary
  • Reference
  • Scholarly references
In the process of westernization of education in late Ch’ing China, the establishment of the American protestant mission schools, seen as an education revolution, was one of the important strategies to evangelism. The main aim of this article is to explore Young J. Allen’s educational enterprise and his devotion to introducing the American education system into China. Historical method is undertaken. Due to personal experiences, education in Allen’s view became a vehicle for attaining the mission’s goal, so he established day schools, Anglo-Chinese School and the Mctyeire School for Girls, and then initiated the plan of university. Later, mission school system and Soochow University were established. After 1894 he advocated education as important means of state formation, introduced the American educational system and initiated programs for reforming Chinese educational system. Therefore, his impacts cannot and should not be ignored. Implications to educational transfer as well as mission schools and its relation to the state education today are also discussed.
中國近代教育的西化可視為教育革命，始於晚清，教會學校是主要途徑之 一，而美國在華差會扮演重要角色。本文旨在探討美國監理會林樂知在華47年的 教育事業和其引介美國教育的貢獻，及其對中國教育西化的影響。本文採史學方 法，使用晚清中英文報刊及史料彙編等資料。研究發現，林樂知因傳教經驗，體 認教育手段的重要性而採「設學輔教」策略，先後設立初等學塾、中西書院及中 西女塾，並倡議設大書院，進而促成該會的三級教會學校體系與東吳大學堂的建 立。甲午戰爭後林樂知提倡「文學興國」理念，透過書刊引介美國教育制度，並 提出改革中國教育的建議，戊戌維新時有類似的措施，故其對引介美國教育制度 及中國教育西化的影響不宜忽略。最後，本文提出對現代教育移轉及教會學校與 國家教育體制關係的啟示。

上海中西書院(1901，1月16-22日)。申報，3版。
[Shanghai Anglo-Chinese College. (1901, January 16-22). Shun Pao, p. 3.] 王立新(1997)。美國傳教士與晚清中國現代化。天津市:天津人民。
[Wang, L.-X. (1997). American missionaries and the modernization of China in the late Q’ing dynasty. Tientsin, China: Tientsin People.] 王良佐(1890)。中西書院志略。萬國公報，19，8-10。

[Wang, L.-Z. (1890). A brief story of Anglo-Chinese College. The Review of the Times, 19, 8-10.] 

王林(2004)。西學與變法— 萬國公報研究。濟南省:齊魯書社。
[Wang, L. (2004). Western knowledge and reform. A study of the Globe Magazine and the Review of the Times. Jinan, China: Qilu Press.] 

王榮河(1883，4月5日)。中西書院有大益於中國。申報，3版。

[Wang, R.-H. (1883, April 5). Anglo-Chinese College helpful for China. Shun Pao, p. 3.] 

中西書院(1900，1月15-18日)。申報，3版。
[Anglo-Chinese College. (1900, January 15-18). Shun Pao, p. 3.] 中西書院(1902，12月20-25日)。申報，3版。
[Anglo-Chinese College. (1902, December 20-25). Shun Pao, p. 3.] 中西書院(1903，2月11-13日)。申報，7版。
[Anglo-Chinese College. (1903, February 11-13). Shun Pao, p. 7.] 

朱有瓛、高時良(編)(1993)。中國近代學制史料第四輯。上海市:華東師範大學。

 [Zhu, Y.-H., & Gao, S.-L. (Eds.). (1993). A collected sources of school system in modern China, Book IV. Shanghai, China: East China Normal University Press.] 

朱有瓛(編)(1983)。中國近代學制史料第一輯。上海市:華東師範大學。
[Zhu, Y.-H. (Ed.). (1983). A collected sources of school system in modern China, Book I. Shanghai, China: East China Normal University Press.] 

有舉無廢(1900，1月11日)。申報，3版。

[College still running. (1900, January 11). Shun Pao, p. 3.] 

狄考文等(1897)。續擬請京師創設總學堂議。萬國公報，101，3-5。

[Mateer, C.-W. et al. (1897). The second plea for establishing a university at capital. The Review of the Times, 101, 3-5.]

沈壽康(1887，7月24日)。中西女書院記。申報，4版。
[Shan, S.-K. (1887, July 24). A record of McTyeire School. Shun Pao, p. 4.] 

沈贅叟(1891)。中西女塾記。萬國公報，26，44-45。
[Shan, D.-W. (1891). A record of McTyeire School. The Review of the Times, 26, 44-45.] 

林美玫(2011)。追尋差傳足跡:美國聖公會在華差傳探析(1835-1920)。南寧市:廣西師大。

[Lin, M.-M. (2011). Tracing the track of mission: The study of American church mission in China (1835-1920). Nanning, China: Guaxi Normal University.]

林美玫(2015)。信心行傳:中國內地會在華差傳探析(1865-1926)。北京市:社會科 學文獻。

[Lin, M.-M. (2015). The acts in faith: The study of China inland mission and its missionary endeavors in China (1865-1926). Beijing, China: Social Science Academic Press.]

林樂知(1875)。大清國事:中國關繫略論再續第四篇論謀富之法。萬國公報，358， 13-16。

[Allen, Y. (1875). Ch’ing’s events: On Chinese relationship part IV—The way to richness. The Globe Magazine, 358, 13-16.]

林樂知(1881a)。設立中西書院啟。萬國公報，657，2-3。
[Allen, Y. (1881a). Notice of establishing Anglo-Chinese College. The Globe Magazine, 657, 2-3.]

林樂知(1881b)。中西書院課程規條。萬國公報，666，2-3。
[Allen, Y. (1881b). The regulations of Anglo-Chinese College. The Globe Magazine, 666, 2-3.] 

林樂知(1882a，3月6-8日)。告白。申報，4版。

[Allen, Y. (1882a, March 6-8). Notice. Shun Pao, p. 4.] 

林樂知(1882b)。中西書院課規。萬國公報，676，3-6。
[Allen, Y. (1882b). The regulations of examination of Anglo-Chinese College. The Globe Magazine, 676, 3-6.]

林樂知(1882c，11月1-2日)。議添學生。申報，7版。
[Allen, Y. (1882c, November 1-2). On increasing students. Shun Pao, p. 7.] 

林樂知(1882d，12月17日)。中西書院肄業諸生當自期遠大說。申報。
[Allen, Y. (1882d, December 17). Students of Anglo-Chinese College should have great visions. Shun Pao.]

林樂知(1882e，9月30日)。中西書院捐啟。申報。

[Allen, Y. (1882e, September 30). Notice of subscription for Anglo-Chinese College. Shun Pao.] 

林樂知(1883a)。中西書院年捐清單并啟。萬國公報，724，212-213。
[Allen, Y. (1883a). Notice of annual subscription for Anglo-Chinese College. The Globe Magazine, 724, 212-213.] 林樂知(1883b)。

公報截止恭謝閱報諸君並定期起建中西大書院啟。萬國公報，750，2-3。

[Allen, Y. (1883b)。Notice of thanks for subscribing newspaper and establishing Anglo-Chinese College. The Globe Magazine, 750, 2-3.] 

林樂知(1883c，12月14日)。中西大書院章程。申報，3版。
[Allen, Y. (1883c, December 14). The regulation of Anglo-Chinese College. Shun Pao, p. 3.] 

林樂知(1884，9月2-4日)。開館告白。申報，5版。
[Allen, Y. (1884, September 2-4). Notice of opening of college. Shun Pao, p. 5.] 

林樂知(1891a，1月12日)。中西書院開塾告白。申報，8版。
[Allen, Y. (1891a, January 12). Notice of opening of Anglo-Chinese College. Shun Pao, p. 8.] 

林樂知(1891b)。中西書院規條。萬國公報，25，42-46。
[Allen, Y. (1891b). The regulation of Anglo-Chinese College. The Review of the Times, 25, 42-46.]

林樂知(1894)。中美關繫略論。萬國公報，65，6-11。
[Allen, Y. (1894). On Sino-American relationship. The Review of the Times, 65, 6-11.] 

林樂知(1895)。基督教有益於中國說。萬國公報，83，6-8。
[Allen, Y. (1895). Christianity is helpful for China. The Review of the Times, 83, 6-8.] 

林樂知(1896)。文學興國策序。萬國公報，80，3-6。
[Allen, Y. (1896). Preface of a policy of education for nation development. The Review of the Times, 80, 3-6.]

林樂知(1897a)。師範說。萬國公報，100，34。
[Allen, Y. (1897a). On role-model of master. The Review of the Times, 100, 34.] 

林樂知(1897b)。新學規制考序。萬國公報，105，28-30。
[Allen, Y. (1897b). Preface of new school law. The Review of the Times, 105, 28-30.] 

林樂知(1900)。美國學校志並引。萬國公報，132，9-14。
[Allen, Y. (1900). An introduction to the history of American schools. The Review of the Times, 132, 9-14.]

林樂知(1901)。廣教興學以救華策。萬國公報，146，6-13。

[Allen, Y. (1901). To develop education for save China. The Review of the Times, 146, 6-13.] 

林樂知(1904)。全地五大洲女俗通考，10。上海市:中國益智會。
[Allen, Y. (1904). An study of women in the world, 10. Shanghai, China: A Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China.] 林樂知(1907)。

監理會創立大學堂之歷史。萬國公報，219，17-30。
[Allen, Y. (1907). The history of establishing university by the methodist episcopal church, south. The Review of the Times, 219, 17-30.]

 林樂知(1980)。中東戰紀本末。臺北縣:文海。(原著出版於1896)
[Allen, Y. (1980). Sino-Japanese war, 1894-1895. Taipei County, Taiwan: Wen Hai. (Original work published 1896)] 

林樂知、海淑德(1892，3月21日)。中西女塾告白。申報，8版。

[Allen, Y. & Laura A. Haygood (1892, March 21). Notice by McTyeire School. Shun Pao, p. 8.] 

林樂知、孫樂文、柏樂文(1899，11月26日)。蘇州大學堂公啟。申報，4版。
[Allen, Y., Anderson, D. L., & Parker, W. H. (1899, November 26). Notice of Schoow University. Shun Pao, p. 4.]

牧師開館(1882，3月11日)。申報，2版。
[Reverend opens a school. (1882, March 11). Shun Pao, p. 2.]

周愚文(2016)。晚清甲午前使英人員教育見聞研究。教育研究集刊，62(3)，1-34。

 [Chou, Y.-W. (2016). A study on the educational experiences of Chinese diplomats in Britain before 1894. Bulletin of Education Research, 62(3), 1-34.] 

周愚文(2017)。晚清戊戌變法前英人在華教育活動與英國教育經驗的輸入。教育研究集刊，63(3)，1-39。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2017). Britons’ educational business and the educational lending of British educational experiences in Ch’ing China before the Wuxu reform. Bulletin of Education Research, 63(3), 1-39.] 

周愚文(2019a)。晚清甲午前在華中外人士對於美國教育的介紹。教育研究集刊，65(1)，79-122。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2019a). The introduction of American education by missionaries and Chinese officials and commoners in late Ch’ing China before 1894. Bulletin of Education Research, 65(1), 79-122.]

周愚文(2019b)。十九世紀首位美籍傳教士裨治文在華教育事業與美國教育制度的引 介。教育研究集刊，65(4)，1-36。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2019b). The educational enterprise of the first American missionary E. J. Bridgman and his introduction of American education in late Ch’ing China. Bulletin of Education Research, 65(4), 1-36.]

周愚文(2020)。晚清美部會華北教會學校系統的形成。教育科學研究期刊，65(3)， 31-59。

[Chou, Y.-W. (2020). The formation of mission school system of the ABCFM. in north China in late Ch’ing. Educational Sciences Research, 65(3), 31-59.]

卒業給憑(1905，3月5日)。申報，4版。
[Diploma for graduation. (1905, March 5). Shun Pao, p. 4.] 

虹口中西書院(1901，7月6-12日)。申報，4版。
[Hongkou Anglo-Chinese College. (1901, July 6-12). Shun Pao, p. 4.] 

虹口中西書院(1903，6月24日)。申報，7版。
[Hongkou Anglo-Chinese College. (1903, June 24). Shun Pao, p. 7.] 

虹口中西書院(1904，1月12-18日)。申報，7版。
[Hongkou Anglo-Chinese College. (1904, January 12-18). Shun Pao, p. 7.] 

虹口崑山路中西書院(1904，6月15-20日)。申報，7版。
[Hongkou Kunshan Road Anglo-Chinese College. (1904, June 15-20). Shun Pao, p. 7.] 

英文書塾(1888，1月22日-2月26日)。申報，6


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