Volume 70 No.2(Open Access) - 2024-06-30

A Discussion of the Core Elements of Current Life Education: An Examination of “Philosophical Thinking”

當前生命教育核心素養之檢討:對「哲學思考」的考察

Author:
Chih-Chan Lai / 賴志展
Keyword:
life education, self-awareness, philosophical thinking / 生命教育、自我覺察、哲學思考
  • Summary
  • Chinese Summary
  • Reference
  • Scholarly references
The Ministry of Education’s current life education curriculum contains five major core elements, and takes “philosophical thought” as its approach to life education. In the curriculum, apart from the philosophical inquiry emphasized by traditional Western philosophy, philosophical thought is also defined as “letting thought lead to discovery,” which confuses the concepts of thought and discovery. In contrast, Chinese traditional Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism are fundamentally bodies of knowledge concerning life, and emphasize practice, intuitive awareness, and comprehension; these philosophies promote the direct application of mental effort, and their approach to character formation does not primarily rely on discursive thought and reflection. Instead, they rely on the mental functions of discovery, experience, and intuitive perception as their path for investigating the truth. When thought is paired with the other core elements, it can be seen that the linkage is not as good as between discovery and experience. This is because life education should emphasize discovery over thought, and should stress the importance of discovery learning. Only in this way can it instill the basic theoretical underpinnings of life education and achieve its educational goals.
當前教育部所推動之「生命教育」五大核心素養,以哲學思考為生命教育的方法,且定義為除了有西方傳統哲學所強調的哲學思辨,另有「思考引導覺察」的意涵,以致可能混淆了思考與覺察的觀念。中華傳統儒、釋、道思想本身就是生命的學問,具有重實踐、重直觀、重領悟、直接從心性上下工夫等特點,在人格養成上非以思考、反思為主要學習進路,而是直接以覺察、觀照、體認心性為追求真理的路徑。以思考的方法套進其他核心素養會發現,其連動性皆不如覺察、觀照,故生命教育應強調覺察重於思考,應正視覺察學習的重要性,厚實生命教育的基礎理論,達成教育的目標。
Corey, G.(1995)。團體諮商的理論與實務(張景然、吳芝儀,譯)。揚智文化。(原
  著出版於1990)
[Corey, G. (1995). Theory and practice of group counseling (J.-R. Chang & C.-Y. Wu, Trans.).
  Yang-Chih Book. (Original work published 1990)]
Krishnamurti, J.(1991)。從已知中解脫(若水,譯)。方智。(原著出版於1969)
[Krishnamurti, J. (1991). Freedom from the known (S. Ruo, Trans.). Fine Press. (Original work
  published 1969)]
Mclnerney, P.(1996)。哲學概論(林逢祺,譯)。桂冠出版。(原著出版於1990)
[Mclnerney, P. (1996). Introduction to philosophy (F.-C. Ling, Trans.). Laureate Book. (Original
  work published 1990)]
Miller, J.(2011)。生命教育—全人課程理論與實務(張淑美、楊秀宮、劉冠鄰、張
  利中、王慧蘭、陳錫琦、邱愛鈴、李玉嬋、江綺雯,譯)。心理。(原著出版於
  1988)
[Miller, J. (2011). The holistic curriculum (S.-M. Chang, S.-K. Yang, K.-L. Liu, L.-C. Chang,
  H.-L. Wang, S.-C. Chen, A.-L. Chiu, Y.-C. Li, & C.-W. Chiang, Trans.). Psychological.
  (Original work published 1988)]
Shah, I. (1986)。蘇菲之路(孟祥森,譯)。聯經。(原著出版於1968)
[Shah, I. (1986). The way of the Sufi (H.-S. Meng, Trans.). Linking. (Original work published
  1968)]
Tolle, E.(2010)。當下的力量:通往靈性開悟的指引(梁永安,譯)。橡實文化。(原
  著出版於2001)
[Tolle, E. (2010). The power of now: A guide to spiritual enlightenment (Y.-A. Liang, Trans.).
  Acornbooks. (Original work published 2001)]
王立文(2019)。靈性覺知與六祖壇經。佛學與科學,20(2),55-56。
[Wang, L.-W. (2019). Spiritual awareness and the Altar Sutra of sixth patriarch. Buddhism and
  Science, 20(2), 55-56.]
王守仁(1992)。王陽明全集。上海古籍。
[Wang, S.-R. (1992). The complete works of Wang Yangming. Shanghai Ancient Books.]
司馬光(1937)。司馬溫公文集13卷。商務印書館。
[Si, M.-G. (1937). Collection of official papers of Sima Wen gong Volume 13. Commercial
  Press.]
朱熹(1990)。四書章句集注。復文圖書。
[Chu, H. (1990). Annotations on chapters and sentences of the Four Books. Fu Wen Books.]
牟宗三(1982)。中國哲學的特質。臺灣學生書局。
[Mou, T.-S. (1982). Characteristics of Chinese philosophy. Taiwan Studentbook.]
牟宗三(2003)。生命的學問。三民書局。
[Mou, T.-S. (2003). Knowedge of life. Sanmin.]
羊正鈺(2017,9月21日)。哈佛校長的開學致辭:教育的目標,就是確保學生能分辨
  「有人在胡說八道」。關鍵評論。https://www.thenewslens.com/article/79306
[Yang, C.-Y. (2017, September 21). Harvard president’s opening speech: The goal of education
  is to ensure that students can tell when “someone is talking nonsense”. The News Lens.
  https://www.thenewslens.com/article/79306]
吳怡(1981)。中國哲學的生命與方法。東大圖書。
[Wu, Y. (1981). The life and method of Chinese philosophy. The Grand East Book.]
呂宜庭(2019)。老子的虛靜觀照與教師修養。鵝湖月刊,524,48-56。
[Lu, Y.-T. (2019). Lao Tzu’s contemplation of empty tranquility and teacher’s cultivation. Legein
  Monthly, 524, 48-56.]
杜保瑞(2008)。哲學概論。五南。
[Du, B.-R. (2008). Introduction to philosophy. Wu-Nan Book.]
周劍文(2008)。以中國傳統智慧觀照西方知識理性。鵝湖月刊,394,17-28。
[Chou, C.-W. (2008). Western intellectual reason from the viewpoint of traditional Chinese
  wisdom. Legein Monthly, 394, 17-28.]
宗紹(無日期)。無門關。載於高楠順次郎(主編),大正新修大藏經(第48冊,頁
  292-299)。大藏經刊行會。
[Zong, S. (n.d.). Biyanlu. In J. Takakusu (Ed.), Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo (Vol. 48, pp. 292-299).
  Tripitaka Publishing Association.】
宗寶(無日期)。六祖壇經。載於高楠順次郎(主編),大正新修大藏經(第48冊,頁
  347-362)。大藏經刊行會。
[Zong, B. (n.d.). The Sixth Patriarch Altar Sutra. In J. Takakusu (Ed.), Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo
  (Vol. 48, pp. 347-362). Tripitaka Publishing Association.]
祁克果(1993)。祁克果語錄II:文學篇。揚智文化。
[Kierkegaard. (1993). Kierkegaard QuotesII: Literature. Yang-Chih Book.]
紀潔芳(2016)。生命教育教學方法之探討。載於楊思偉(主編),生命教育基礎教材
  (頁152-163)。五南。
[Chi, C.-F. (2016). Discussion on teaching methods of life education. In S.-W. Yang (Ed.), Life
  education basic textbook (pp. 152-163). Wu-Nan Book.]
唐君毅(1943)。中西哲學思想之比較研究集。正中書局 。
[Tang, C.-Y. (1943). A collection of comparative studies of Chinese and Western philosophical
  thoughts. Cheng Chung Book.]
孫效智(2013)。大學生命教育的理念與策略。生命教育研究,5(2),1-37。
[Sun, X.-Z. (2013). Ideas and strategies of life education in universities. Life and Education,
  5(2), 1-37.]
孫效智(2015)。生命教育核心素養的建構與十二年國教課綱的發展。教育研究月刊,
  251,48-72。https://doi.org/10.3966/168063602015030251004
[Sun, X.-Z. (2015). The construction of core competencies of life education and the development
  of general curriculum guidelines of 12-year basic education. Journal of Education
  Research, 251, 48-72. https://doi.org/10.3966/168063602015030251004]
孫效智(2019)。生命教育的哲學基礎。教育部生命教育全球資訊網。https:// life.edu.tw/
  zhTW2/node/435 Ministry of Education
[Sun, X.-Z. (2019). The philosophical basis of life education. Ministry of Education Life
  Education Global Information Network. https://life.edu.tw/zhTW2/node/435 Ministry of
  Education.]
國家教育研究院(2020)。十二年國民基本教育課程綱要:國民中小學暨普通型高級中
  等學校—議題融入手冊。
[National Academy for Educational. (2020). 12-year basic education curriculum guidelines:
  Elementary, junior high schools and general senior high schools– Issue integration
  instruction manual.]
張起鈞、吳怡(1985)。中國哲學史話。新天地書局。
[Chang, C.-J., & Wu, Y. (1985). History of Chinese philosophy. Xintiandi Bookstore.]
張載(2004)。張載集。中華書局。
[Chang, T. (2001). Collection of Chang Tsai. Zhonghua Book.]
張默生(1946)。老子章句新釋。東方書社。
[Chang, M.-S. (1946). New interpretation of Lao Tzu’s chapters and sentences. East Shushe.]
郭慶藩(1961)。莊子集解。中華書局。
[Kuo, C.-F (1961). Zhuangzi’s collection and explanation. Zhonghua Book.]
郭凝之(無日期)。潭州溈山靈祐禪師語錄。載於高楠順次郎(主編),大正新修大藏
  經(第47冊,頁577-581)。大藏經刊行會。
[Guo, N.-Z. (n.d). Quotations of Chan Master Lingyou in Weishan. In J. Takakusu (Ed.), Taisho
  Shinshu Daizokyo (Volume 47, pp. 577-581). Tripitaka Publishing Association.]
陳品卿(1989)。老子的知識論。師大學報,34,163-170。
[Chen, P.-C. (1989). Lao Tzu’s theory of knowledge. Journal of National Taiwan Normal
  University, 34, 163-170.]
陳浙雲(2006)。學習從生命開始。載於何福田(主編)。生命教育(頁77-96)。心
  理。
[Chen, C.-Y. (2006). Learning begins with life. In F.-T. Ho (Ed.), Life education (pp. 77-96).
  Psychological.]
陳復、陳正凡(2010)。論唐君毅對王陽明心學的詮釋與評價。哲學與文化,37(5),
  85-106。
[Chen, F., & Chen, C.-F (2010). The interpretation and evaluation by Tang Jun-yi on Wang
  Yang-ming. Monthly Review of Philosophy and Culture, 37(5), 85-106.]
陸九淵(1935)。象山先生全集。商務印書館。
[Lu, J.-Y. (1935). The complete works of Mr. Xiangshan. Commercial Press.]
陸九淵(2012)。陸九淵集。中華書局。
[Lu, C.-Y. (2012). Collection of Lu Chiu Yuan. Zhonghua Book.]
傅偉勳(1997)。生命的學問。生智文化。
[Fu, W.-H. (1997). The knowledge of life. Sheng-Chih Book.]
彭孟堯(2006)。哲學入門:想想哲學。洪葉文化。
[Peng, M.-Y. (2006). Introduction to philosophy: Think about philosophy. Hungyeh Publishing.]
智者(無日期)。觀心論。載於高楠順次郎(主編),大正新修大藏經(第46冊,頁
  584-585)。大藏經刊行會。
[Wise Men. (n.d.). Viewing the mind. In J. Takakusu (Ed.), Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo (Vol. 46,
  pp. 584-585). Tripitaka Publishing Association.]
溫明麗(2008)。教育哲學—本土教育哲學的建構。三民書局。
[Wen, M.-L. (2008). Educational philosophy– The construction of local educational philosophy.
  Sanmin.]
道原(無日期)。景德傳燈錄。載於高楠順次郎(主編),大正新修大藏經(第51冊,
  頁196-467)。大藏經刊行會。
[Dao, Y. (n.d.). Jingde lantern records. In J. Takakusu (
Ed.), Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo (Vol. 51,
  pp. 196-467). Tripitaka Publishing Association.]
鄔昆如(1994)。哲學概論。五南。
[Wu, Q.-R. (1994). Introduction to philosophy. Wu-Na Book.]
僧璨(無日期)。信心銘。載於高楠順次郎(主編),大正新修大藏經(第48冊,頁
  376-377)。大藏經刊行會。
[Seng, C. (n.d.). Confidence Ming. In J. Takakusu (Ed.), Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo (Vol. 48, pp.
376-377). Tripitaka Publishing Association.]
裴休(無日期)。黃檗山斷際禪師傳心法要。載於高楠順次郎(主編),大正新修大藏
  經(第48冊,頁379-383)。大藏經刊行會。
[Pei, X. (n.d.). Essentials of the Dharma Passed on by Zen Master Duanji in Mount Huangbo. In
  J. Takakusu (Ed.), Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo (Vol. 48, pp. 379-383). Tripitaka Publishing
Association.]
蔡輝振(主編)(2017)。哲學思考。天空數位。
[Cai, H.-H. (Ed.). (2017). Philosophical thinking. Sky Digital.]
黎建球(2001)。生命教育的哲學基礎。教育資料集刊,26,1-26。
[Li, C.-C. (2001). The philosophy of life education. Bulletin of National Institute of Education
  Resources and Research, 26, 1-26.]
賴炎元(1992)。春秋繁露今註今譯。臺灣商務印書館。
[Lai, Y.-Y. (1992). Annotation and translation of Chun Qiu Fan Lu. Commercial Press.]
錢穆(1999)。人生十論。東大圖書。
[Chien, M. (1999). Ten theories of life. The Grand East Book.]
聶雅婷(2003)。莊子的「觀照」思想研究。哲學與文化,30(10),65-82。
[Nei, Y.-T. (2003). The study of “Meditation” thought of Chungtzyy. Review of Philosophy and
  Culture, 30(10), 65-82.]
Trevarthern, C.-B. (1990). Brain circuits and functions of the mind: Essays in honor of Roger
  Wolcott Sperry, author. Cambridge University Press.